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Feasibility and effects of intra-dialytic low-frequency electrical muscle stimulation and cycle training: a pilot randomized controlled trial |
McGregor G, Ennis S, Powell R, Hamborg T, Raymond NT, Owen W, Aldridge N, Evans G, Goodby J, Hewins S, Banerjee P, Krishnan NS, Ting SMS, Zehnder D |
PLoS ONE 2018 Jul;13(7):e0200354 |
clinical trial |
5/10 [Eligibility criteria: Yes; Random allocation: Yes; Concealed allocation: No; Baseline comparability: Yes; Blind subjects: No; Blind therapists: No; Blind assessors: Yes; Adequate follow-up: No; Intention-to-treat analysis: No; Between-group comparisons: Yes; Point estimates and variability: Yes. Note: Eligibility criteria item does not contribute to total score] *This score has been confirmed* |
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Exercise capacity is reduced in chronic kidney failure (CKF). Intra-dialytic cycling is beneficial, but comorbidity and fatigue can prevent this type of training. Low-frequency electrical muscle stimulation (LF-EMS) of the quadriceps and hamstrings elicits a cardiovascular training stimulus and may be a suitable alternative. The main objectives of this trial were to assess the feasibility and efficacy of intra-dialytic LF-EMS versus cycling. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS: Assessor blind, parallel group, randomized controlled pilot study with sixty-four stable patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Participants were randomized to 10 weeks of (1) intra-dialytic cycling, (2) intra-dialytic LF-EMS, or 3) non-exercise control. Exercise was performed for up to one hour three times per week. Cycling workload was set at 40 to 60% oxygen uptake (VO2) reserve, and LF-EMS at maximum tolerable intensity. The control group did not complete any intra-dialytic exercise. Feasibility of intra-dialytic LF-EMS and cycling was the primary outcome, assessed by monitoring recruitment, retention and tolerability. At baseline and 10 weeks, secondary outcomes including cardio-respiratory reserve, muscle strength, and cardio-arterial structure and function were assessed. RESULTS: Fifty-one (of 64 randomized) participants completed the study (LF-EMS 17 (77%), cycling 16 (80%), control 18 (82%)). Intra-dialytic LF-EMS and cycling were feasible and well tolerated (9% and 5% intolerance respectively, p = 0.9). At 10-weeks, cardio-respiratory reserve (VO2peak) (difference versus control LF-EMS +2.0 (95% CI 0.3 to 3.7) ml/kg/min, p = 0.02, and cycling +3.0 (95% CI 1.2 to 4.7) ml/kg/min, p = 0.001) and leg strength (difference versus control LF-EMS +94 (95% CI 35.6 to 152.3) N, p = 0.002 and cycling +65.1 (95% CI 6.4 to 123.8) N, p = 0.002) were improved. Arterial structure and function were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: Ten weeks of intra-dialytic LF-EMS or cycling improved cardio-respiratory reserve and muscular strength. For patients who are unable or unwilling to cycle during dialysis, LF-EMS is a feasible alternative.
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