BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease is a complex disease that impacts multiple organs and systems (including musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory) leading to reduction of functional capacity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a short period of high intensity inspiratory muscle training on maximum inspiratory pressure, functional capacity and endothelial function of chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial enrolled 25 patients who were allocated into two groups: intervention (IMTG = 14) and control (CG = 11) groups. Intervention patients received the exercise protocol over a period of 5 weeks, 6 times per week, with each session consisting of 5 sets of 10 repetitions with an initial load of 50% progressing to 70% of maximum inspiratory pressure, measured weekly. The primary outcome was inspiratory muscle strength and the secondary outcomes were functional capacity and endothelial function evaluated before and after the training protocol. RESULTS: The inspiratory muscle training induced a marked improvement in maximum inspiratory pressure which was evident after the training period (mean difference 19.0 cmH2O 95%CI 0.4 to 37.5; IMTG 102 +/- 25.7 cmH2O versus CG 83 +/- 19.2; p = 0.046). The magnitude of maximum inspiratory pressure improvement was 33.5% at the end of the protocol for the IMTG. Functional capacity and endothelial function did not vary between or within groups. CONCLUSION: A short period of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training for five weeks was able to improve inspiratory muscle strength of chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT03082404).

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