Psychological changes associated with 16-wk moderate and low intensity exercise training programs, two of which possessed a cognitive component, were evaluated. Subjects were healthy, sedentary adults, 69 women (mean age 54.8 +/- 8.3 yr) and 66 men (mean age 50.6 +/- 8.0 yr). Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (C), moderate intensity walking group (MW), low intensity walking group (LW), low intensity walking plus relaxation response group (LWR), or mindful exercise (ME) group-a Tai Chi type program. Women in the ME group experienced reductions in mood disturbance (tension p < 0.01; depression p < 0.05; anger p < 0.008; confusion p < 0.02; and total mood disturbance p < 0.006) and an improvement in general mood (p < 0.04). Women in the MW group noted greater satisfaction with physical attributes (body cathexis p < 0.03), and men in MW reported increased positive affect (p < 0.006). No other differences were observed between groups on measures of mood, self-esteem, personality, or life satisfaction. Equivocal support is provided for the hypothesis that exercise plus cognitive strategy training programs are more effective than exercise programs lacking a structured cognitive component in promoting psychological benefits.

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