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Hypnosis and nonhypnotic techniques for reduction of pain and anxiety during painful procedures in children and adolescents with cancer
Zeltzer L, LeBaron S
The Journal of Pediatrics 1982 Dec;101(6):1032-1035
clinical trial
3/10 [Eligibility criteria: No; Random allocation: Yes; Concealed allocation: No; Baseline comparability: Yes; Blind subjects: No; Blind therapists: No; Blind assessors: No; Adequate follow-up: No; Intention-to-treat analysis: No; Between-group comparisons: Yes; Point estimates and variability: No. Note: Eligibility criteria item does not contribute to total score] *This score has been confirmed*

Hypnosis was compared with nonhypnotic behavioral techniques for efficacy in reducing pain and anxiety in 27 children and adolescents during bone marrow aspiration and in 22 children and adolescents during lumbar puncture. The patients and independent observers each rated (scale of 1 to 5) pain and anxiety during one to three procedures prior to intervention and one to three procedures with intervention. Prior to intervention for both groups, pain during bone marrow aspiration was rated as more severe (p < 0.01) than pain during lumbar puncture. During bone marrow aspiration pain was reduced to a large extent by hypnosis (p < 0.001) and to a smaller but significant extent by nonhypnotic techniques (p < 0.01), and anxiety was significantly reduced by hypnosis alone (p < 0.001). During lumbar puncture only hypnosis significantly reduced pain (p < 0.001); anxiety was reduced to a large degree by hypnosis (p < 0.001) and to a smaller degree by nonhypnotic techniques (p < 0.05). Thus hypnosis was shown to be more effective than nonhypnotic techniques for reducing procedural distress in children and adolescents with cancer.

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