OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in body composition after 12 months of high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) in relation to changes in insulin resistance (IR) or glucose homeostasis in older adults with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS One-hundred three participants were randomized to receive either PRT or sham exercise 3 days per week for 12 months. Homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were used as indices of IR and glucose homeostasis. Skeletal muscle mass (SkMM) and total fat mass were assessed using bioelectrical impedance. Visceral adipose tissue, mid-thigh cross-sectional area, and mid-thigh muscle attenuation were quantified using computed tomography. RESULTS Within the PRT group, changes in HOMA2-IR were associated with changes in SkMM (r = -0.38; p = 0.04) and fat mass (r = 0.42; p = 0.02). Changes in visceral adipose tissue tended to be related to changes in HOMA2-IR (r = 0.35; p = 0.07). Changes in HbA1c were related to changes in mid-thigh muscle attenuation (r = 0.52; p = 0.001). None of these relationships were present in the sham group (p > 0.05). Using ANCOVA models, participants in the PRT group who had increased SkMM had decreased HOMA2-IR (p = 0.05) and HbA1c (p = 0.09) compared with those in the PRT group who lost SkMM. Increases in SkMM in the PRT group decreased HOMA2-IR (p = 0.07) and HbA1c (p < 0.05) compared with those who had increased SkMM in the sham group. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in metabolic health in older adults with type 2 diabetes were mediated through improvements in body composition only if they were achieved through high-intensity PRT.
Copyright American Diabetes Association. Reprinted with permission from The American Diabetes Association.

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