BACKGROUND: Physical activity improves health in prostate cancer survivors; however, participation rates are low. PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the effects of an implementation intention intervention on physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors. METHODS: Prostate cancer survivors (n = 423) were randomly assigned to a standard physical activity recommendation, a self-administered implementation intention, or a telephone-assisted implementation intention. Physical activity and quality of life were assessed at baseline, 1, and 3 months. RESULTS: Analyses of covariance using multiple imputation showed that physical activity at 1 month increased by 86 min/week in the standard physical activity recommendation group compared with 168 min/week in the self-administered implementation intention group (p = 0.023) and 105 min/week in the telephone-assisted implementation intention group (p = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: A self-administered implementation intention intervention resulted in a meaningful short-term increase in physical activity. Supplementation with additional intervention strategies and more frequent intervention may improve longer-term exercise. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01410656).

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