The present study examined the effects of timed ingestion of supplemental protein (20-g servings of whey protein, 3x/day), added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults and subsequently randomized to either whey protein only (p; n = 24), whey protein and resistance exercise (P+RT; n = 27), or a whey protein and multimode exercise training program (protein and resistance exercise, intervals, stretching/yoga/Pilates, endurance exercise (PRISE); n = 28). Total and regional body composition and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), plasma lipids and adipokines, and feelings of hunger and satiety (visual analog scales) were measured before and after the 16-wk intervention. All groups lost body weight, fat mass (FM), and abdominal fat; however, PRISE lost significantly (p < 0.01) more body weight (3.3 +/- 0.7 versus 1.1 +/- 0.7 kg, P+RT) and FM (2.8 +/- 0.7 versus 0.9 +/- 0.5 kg, P+RT) and gained (p < 0.05) a greater percentage of lean body mass (2 +/- 0.5 versus 0.9 +/- 0.3 and 0.6 +/- 0.4%, P+RT and P, respectively). Only P+RT (0.1 +/- 0.04 kg) and PRISE (0.21 +/- 0.07 kg) lost VAT mass (p < 0.05). Fasting glucose decreased only in P+RT (5.1 +/- 2.5 mg/dl) and PRISE (15.3 +/- 2.1 mg/dl), with the greatest decline occurring in PRISE (p < 0.05). Similarly, HOMA-IR improved (0.6 +/- 0.3, 0.6 +/- 0.4 units), and leptin decreased (4.7 +/- 2.2, 4.7 +/- 3.1 ng/dl), and adiponectin increased (3.8 +/- 1.1, 2.4 +/- 1.1 mug/ml) only in P+RT and PRISE, respectively, with no change in P. In conclusion, we find evidence to support exercise training and timed ingestion of whey protein added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults, independent of caloric restriction on total and regional body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and adipokines.

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