STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of different rehabilitation interventions in spinal cord injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Several activity-based interventions have been widely applied in spinal cord injury in the past, but the effects of these rehabilitation exercises are controversial. METHODS: Publications were searched from databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, the database of the US National Institutes of Health and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform) using the searching terms like spinal cord injury, transcranial magnetic stimulation, functional electrical stimulation, activity-based therapy, and robotic-assisted locomotor training. Randomized controlled trials and controlled trials were included. The primary outcomes included functional upper/lower extremity independence, walking capacity, spasticity, and life quality of individuals with spinal cord injury. Meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.0 software. RESULTS: Thirty-one articles were included. Meta-analysis showed that transcranial magnetic stimulation improved walking speed (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01 to 0.16) and lower extremity function (95% CI 1.55 to 7.27); functional electrical stimulation significantly increased upper extremity independence (95% CI 0.37 to 5.48). Robotic-assisted treadmill training improved lower extremity function (95% CI 3.44 to 6.56) compared with related controls. CONCLUSION: Activity-based intervention like transcranial magnetic stimulation, functional electrical stimulation, and robotic-assisted treadmill training are effective in improving function in individuals with spinal cord injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1.
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