BACKGROUND: A 2019 review concluded that spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) results in similar benefit compared to other interventions for chronic low back pain (LBP). Compared to traditional aggregate analyses individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses allows for a more precise estimate of the treatment effect. PURPOSE: To assess the effect of SMT on pain and function for chronic LBP in a IPD meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases from 2000 until April 2016, and reference lists of eligible trials and related reviews. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials (RCT) examining the effect of SMT in adults with chronic LBP compared to any comparator. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS: We contacted authors from eligible trials. Two review authors independently conducted the study selection and risk of bias. We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence. A one-stage mixed model analysis was conducted. Negative point estimates of the mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) favors SMT. RESULTS: Of the 42 RCTs fulfilling the inclusion criteria, we obtained IPD from 21 (n = 4,223). Most trials (s = 12, n = 2,249) compared SMT to recommended interventions. There is moderate quality evidence that SMT versus recommended interventions resulted in similar outcomes on pain (MD -3.0, 95%CI -6.9 to 0.9, 10 trials, 1,922 participants) and functional status at one month (SMD -0.2, 95% CI -0.4 to 0.0, 10 trials, 1,939 participants). Effects at other follow-up measurements were similar. Results for other comparisons (SMT versus non-recommended interventions; SMT as adjuvant therapy; mobilization versus manipulation) showed similar findings. SMT versus sham SMT analysis was not performed, because we only had data from one study. Sensitivity analyses confirmed these findings. LIMITATIONS: Only 50% of the eligible trials were included. CONCLUSIONS: Sufficient evidence suggest that SMT provides similar outcomes to recommended interventions, for pain relief and improvement of functional status. SMT would appear to be a good option for the treatment of chronic LBP. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42015025714.

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