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Weight loss and exercise differentially affect insulin sensitivity, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in older adults with obesity; a randomized controlled trial
Brennan AM, Standley RA, Anthony SJ, Grench KE, Helbling NL, de Lany JP, Cornnell HH, Yi F, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FGS, Coen PM, Carnero EA, Goodpaster BH
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2022 May;77(5):1088-1097
clinical trial
6/10 [Eligibility criteria: Yes; Random allocation: Yes; Concealed allocation: No; Baseline comparability: Yes; Blind subjects: No; Blind therapists: No; Blind assessors: Yes; Adequate follow-up: No; Intention-to-treat analysis: Yes; Between-group comparisons: Yes; Point estimates and variability: Yes. Note: Eligibility criteria item does not contribute to total score] *This score has been confirmed*

BACKGROUND: Aging-related disease risk is exacerbated by obesity and physical inactivity. It is unclear how weight loss and increased activity improve risk in older adults. We aimed to determine the effects of diet-induced weight loss with and without exercise on insulin sensitivity, VO2peak, body composition, and physical function in older obese adults. METHODS: Physically inactive older (68.6 +/- 4.5 years) obese (BMI 37.4 +/- 4.9 kg/m2) adults were randomized to: health education control (HEC; n = 25); diet-induced weight loss (WL; n = 31); or weight loss and exercise (WLEX; n = 28) for 6 months. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, body composition by DXA and MRI, strength by isokinetic dynamometry, and VO2peak by graded exercise test. RESULTS: WLEX improved (p < 0.05) peripheral insulin sensitivity (+75 +/- 103%) versus HEC (+12 +/- 67%); WL (+36 +/- 47%) versus HEC did not reach statistical significance. WLEX increased VO2peak (+7 +/- 12%) versus WL (-2 +/- 24%), and prevented reductions in strength and lean mass induced by WL (p < 0.05). WLEX decreased abdominal adipose tissue (-16 +/- 9%) versus HEC (-3 +/- 8%) and intermuscular adipose tissue (-15 +/- 13%) versus both HEC (+9 +/- 15%) and WL (+2 +/- 11%) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise with weight loss improved insulin sensitivity and VO2peak, decreased ectopic fat, and preserved lean mass and strength. Weight loss alone decreased lean mass and strength. Older adults intending to lose weight should perform regular exercise to promote cardiometabolic and functional benefits, which may not occur with calorie restriction-induced weight loss alone.
Copyright the Gerontological Society of America. Reproduced by permission of the publisher.

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