The aim of the study was to compare the impact of 12-week resistance training with blood flow restriction (G-RTBFR) versus, traditional resistance training (G-TRT) and non-training on the muscle strength and body composition HIV/AIDS participants. Muscle strength was tested at baseline, and on the 6th, 21st and 36th training sessions, using maximal repetition test. Pre- and post-intervention body composition changes were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Resistance training was undertaken three times a week comprising bilateral elbow extension and flexion exercises, unilateral flexion and bilateral knee extension. Changes in strength and body composition (pre- and post-intervention) between groups were evaluated by mixed models of repeated measures, and by paired and unpaired comparisons, considering the effect size. All groups were similar at baseline for muscle strength and body composition. Post-intervention, the training groups showed similar, statistically significant increases in muscle strength (G-RTBFR 25.7 to 57.4%; G-TRT 24.5 to 52.3%) and skeletal muscle tissue (G-RTBFR 8.4%; G-TRT 8.3%). There was also a significant change in body fat (p = 0.023 to 0.043), with significant effect sizes for strength and skeletal muscle tissue (0.41 to 2.27), respectively. These results suggest that both resistance training interventions promoted muscle hypertrophy, body fat reduction and positive impact on muscle strength in people living with HIV/AIDS. Resistance training with blood flow restriction proved to be an effective alternative to include patients with marked physical weakness, unable to engage in regular strength training programme. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02783417.

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