Exercise in the form of physical activity can provide neuroprotective benefits. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the task balance training program (TBT program) on the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor levels, cognitive function, and postural balance in old people. The population of this study was the old people members of the Batara Hati Mulia Gowa Foundation who were willing to participate in the study (n = 66). The sample of this study was obtained through a random sampling technique to determine the treatment (n = 32) and control (n = 34) groups. Before and after implementing the TBT program, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) level measurement and cognitive function and postural balance assessment were performed. Cognitive function was measured by using Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). Postural balance was measured in two ways by using the timed up and go (TUG) test and Tinetti performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA). The treatment group showed significantly greater changes than the control group in GDNF levels (2.24 (+/- 0.63) versus 1.24 (+/- 0.43), p = 0.001), cognitive function (24.66 (+/- 3.42) versus 19.18 (+/- 2.67), p = 0.001), and postural balance (TUG [14.00 (+/- 4.04) versus 18.68 (+/- 3.98)]; POMA [26.53 (+/- 1.74) versus 23.47 (+/- 3.06)], p = 0.001) after training. The treatment group also showed a significant relationship between GDNF levels and cognitive function (r = 0.840, p = 0.001) and postural balance (TUG [r = 0.814, p = 0.001]; POMA [r = 0.630, p = 0.001]). The TBT program affects the levels of GDNF in old people. The TBT program involves cognitive function improvement and affects postural balance changes in old people.

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