PURPOSE: This systematic review aims to assess the use and perception of Western medical acupuncture-based on conventional biomedical mechanisms and evidence-based medicine for diagnosis and needle placement-for pain management among athletes and their healthcare providers. METHODS: A systematic review is reported based on the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Allied and Complementary Medicine databases, and Google Scholar were searched (search: from database inception to July 2023). Two authors independently conducted multi-stage screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. The outcomes of interest were prevalence of acupuncture prescriptions by healthcare professionals, prevalence of acupuncture use by athletes, and perceptions related to acupuncture effectiveness among healthcare professionals and athletes. Only studies wherein Western medical acupuncture was used for pain management were included. RESULTS: Our review included 11 observational studies and clinical trials. The prevalence of Western medical acupuncture prescription varied from 15.4% (UK) to 58.4% (US) among sports medicine healthcare professionals. Prevalence of acupuncture use among athletes ranged from 2.2% among college athletes in Palestine to 61% among professional football players in the Netherlands. Acupuncture was used for managing delayed-onset of soreness and pain due to various types of musculoskeletal injuries. Both athletes and their healthcare providers reported positive perceptions of acupuncture. CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review identifies a notable research gap in evaluating the practice and perception of Western medical acupuncture among healthcare professionals and athletes. Our findings suggest that Western medical acupuncture is not only prescribed by sport medicine professionals and used by athletes for diverse musculoskeletal pains but is also generally perceived positively for its effectiveness. Given the positive clinical experience of health professionals, athletes' favorable perception, and acupuncture's well-established safety profile, acupuncture should be given serious consideration-as a complementary approach-in the overall management of pain. REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/qb9gc).

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