IMPORTANCE: Plantar heel pain (PHP) contributes to reduced quality of life and is costly to manage. Persons with PHP are infrequently referred to a physical therapist after presenting to primary care or podiatry. OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to compare the cost-effectiveness of usual podiatry care (uPOD) plus physical therapist treatment with that of uPOD alone in the management of PHP. DESIGN: A cost-effectiveness analysis from societal and health care sector perspectives and a 3-year time horizon was performed alongside a randomized clinical trial. Intention to treat was used as the base case, and sensitivity analyses were used to assess the impact of adherence to treatment (ie, per protocol) and PHP-specific costs. SETTING: The setting was a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 95 eligible patients with PHP. INTERVENTIONS: uPOD consisted of a stretching handout, medication, injections, and orthotics; uPOD plus physical therapist treatment also included physical therapist intervention consisting of manual therapy, exercise, foot taping, and iontophoresis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Cost-effectiveness was determined by between-group differences in costs relative to quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Cost-effectiveness at different thresholds of decision maker willingness to pay was illustrated using the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve. RESULTS: uPOD plus physical therapist treatment reduced societal costs by $2708 (95% CI -$294 to $5709) relative to uPOD and increased QALYs by 0.09 (95% CI -0.01 to 0.18). The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve demonstrated 98%, 99%, and 97% probabilities of cost-effectiveness of uPOD plus physical therapist treatment in the base-case, per-protocol, and PHP-specific cost analyses using a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS: Adding physical therapist treatment to uPOD lowered total costs and improved quality of life despite increased short-term health care utilization. Results were not altered when considering adherence to treatment or PHP-specific costs. RELEVANCE: This study informs shared decision-making between providers and patients with PHP about the costs and benefits of adding physical therapist treatment and provides support for the economic value of physical therapist treatment for PHP.

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