This study aims to investigate whether a combined action observation-motor imagery practice may enhance the effects of conventional physical rehabilitation in a stroke survivor population. A total of 8 (7 male, 1 female) post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparesis were enrolled into a single-blinded, randomised, study. Five times per week for three weeks, four patients experienced 60' conventional physical therapy, while the other 4 experienced 30' conventional physical therapy and 30' action observation-motor imagery practice. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity and the Wolf Motor Function Test scores from the baseline and post-physiotherapy were used to evaluate upper extremity motor function. Patients who received the AO plus MI alongside conventional physical rehabilitation benefitted more than those who received only conventional physical rehabilitation. However, the sample size was very small (only eight participants), which reduces both the statistical power and the ability to generalise the results. Moreover, there was no follow-up; therefore, it is unclear whether the observed improvements lasted over time. Finally, some potentially confounding factors, such as stroke type or lesion site, were not statistically controlled. Notwithstanding these limitations, our findings may serve as a basis for future large-scale, well-controlled studies on AO plus MI in stroke rehabilitation.

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