CONTEXT: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) can be treated with nonsurgical or surgical options. However, there is no consensus on the most effective method of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To compare the short-term and long-term efficacy of splinting and surgery for relieving the symptoms of CTS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A randomized controlled trial conducted from October 1998 to April 2000 at 13 neurological outpatient clinics in the Netherlands. A total of 176 patients with clinically and electrophysiologically confirmed idiopathic CTS were assigned to wrist splinting during the night for at least 6 weeks (89 patients) or open carpal tunnel release (87 patients); 147 patients (84%) completed the final follow-up assessment 18 months after randomization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: General improvement, number of nights waking up due to symptoms, and severity of symptoms. RESULTS: In the intention-to-treat analyses, surgery was more effective than splinting on all outcome measures. The success rates (based on general improvement) after 3 months were 80% for the surgery group (62/78 patients) versus 54% for the splinting group (46/86 patients), which is a difference of 26% (95% confidence interval (CI) 12% to 40%; p < 0.001). After 18 months, the success rates increased to 90% for the surgery group (61/68 patients) versus 75% for the splinting group (59/79 patients), which is a difference of 15% (95% CI 3% to 27%; p = 0.02). However, by that time 41% of patients (32/79) in the splint group had also received the surgery treatment. CONCLUSION: Treatment with open carpal tunnel release surgery resulted in better outcomes than treatment with wrist splinting for patients with CTS.

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